ABU ISHAK IBRAHIM
Ibrahim adalah putra Abu Zakariya Yahya dan
seorang selir bernama Ruwaida, dan adik tiri Muhammad I al-Mustansir. Dia
digambarkan oleh penulis sejarah abad ke-14 Ibn al-Khātib sebagai orang yang
tinggi rata-rata tetapi kelebihan berat badan, dengan kulit cokelat dan fitur
yang menyenangkan.[3]: 78
Ketika Al-Mustansir berkuasa, Ibrahim
ditempatkan di bawah pengawasan ketat tetapi pada 1253 ia melarikan diri ke
kota Zaraïa (dekat Sétif) di mana ia berlindung dengan suku Thawawida nomaden.
Di sini dia menyatakan dirinya sebagai penguasa dan memulai pemberontakan dan
mulai bersiap untuk maju ke Gabes, tetapi beberapa sekutunya meninggalkannya
dan dia harus mundur ke Tlemcen, dari sana dia melarikan diri ke Granada dan
diterima oleh Muhammad I. Setelah kematian Al -Mustansir, ia kembali ke
Ifriqiya dan menggulingkan Al-Wathiq pada tahun 1279.[3]: 41
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I (Arab: إسحاق إبراهيم)
adalah amir Hafsid Ifriqiya (1279-1283).[1][2]
Ibrahim berkuasa selama perjuangan yang
pecah di bawah Yahya II al-Wathiq. Berbeda dengan dua pendahulunya, ia hanya
menyandang gelar amir dan tidak mengklaim khilafah untuk dirinya sendiri. Ia
digulingkan oleh pemberontakan Ibnu Abi Umara.
Setelah memperoleh kekuasaan, Ibrahim
membebaskan kelima putranya, yang pernah dipenjara oleh al-Mustansir. Dia
kemudian memenjarakan pendahulunya Yahya II al-Wathiq bersama dengan tiga
putranya, yang segera dia bunuh. Ingin menekankan perannya sebagai penerus
ayahnya daripada saudara laki-laki atau keponakannya, dia tidak mengadopsi
gelar Khalifa tetapi menghidupkan kembali gaya Emir ayahnya yang lebih
sederhana.[3]: 78–9
Selama pemerintahan Ibrahim negara Hafsid
memelihara hubungan diplomatik dan perdagangan yang baik dengan negara-negara
Italia, membayar upeti kepada Charles I dari Napoli serta republik Genoa dan
Venesia. Dia juga memperkuat hubungan dengan anak sungai baratnya, Yaghmurasen
Ibn Zyan dari Tlemcen, menikahi putrinya dengan putra dan pewaris Ibn
Zyan.[3]: 83–4
Pada tahun 1282 gubernur Konstantin, Ibn
al-Wazir menyatakan pemberontakan, setelah mendapatkan dukungan militer dari
Peter III dari Aragon.[3]: 81 Namun pada saat pasukan Aragon mendarat di
Collo, Ibn al-Wazir telah dikalahkan dan dibunuh oleh pasukan Ibrahim. putra,
Ibn Faris, gubernur Bejaa.[4]
Ibrahim digulingkan oleh pemberontakan di
selatan wilayahnya yang mungkin mendapat dukungan dari Aragon.[4] Ahmad bin
Marzūq bin Abi Umara (dikenal sebagai Ibn Abi Umara) berasal dari Msila dan
sebelumnya mencoba untuk menyamar sebagai Mahdi di antara orang Arab Maqil
Maroko. Pada tahun 1282 ia berada di wilayah Tripoli, di mana seorang mantan
punggawa Yahya II al-Wathiq mengaku mengakuinya sebagai Al-Fadl, putra mantan
Khalifah yang sebenarnya telah dieksekusi bersama ayahnya oleh Ibrahim. Para
anggota suku setempat mendukungnya, dan meskipun dia tidak dapat merebut
Tripoli, Gabes membukakan gerbang untuknya. Dia mengambil Gafsa, lalu Kairouan
dan Sfax, dan diproklamirkan sebagai Khalifah. Pasukan yang dikirim untuk
melawannya di bawah pimpinan putra Ibrahim, Abu Zakariya, bubar tanpa
pertempuran. Pada Januari 1283, ketika kepanikan melanda Tunis, Ibrahim melarikan
diri. Penolakan perlindungan di Konstantin, ia mencapai Bejaa pada bulan
Februari, di mana putranya Abu Faris mewajibkan dia untuk turun tahta,
menyatakan dirinya Khalifah dengan nama Al-Mu'tamid.[3]: 85
Abu Faris memimpin pasukan melawan Ibn Abi Umara yang
bertemu pasukannya pada bulan Juni 1283 di dekat Kalaat es Senam. Hasilnya
adalah kekalahan total pasukan Hafsid. Abu Faris tewas dalam pertempuran,
sementara tiga saudara laki-lakinya dan keponakannya ditangkap dan dieksekusi.
Satu-satunya anggota keluarga yang berhasil melarikan diri adalah saudara tiri
Ibrahim, Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya. Ibrahim dan putranya yang tersisa, Abu
Zakariya, melarikan diri dari Bejaa. Putranya berhasil mencapai keselamatan di
Tlemcen tetapi Ibrahim terluka karena jatuh dari kudanya, ditangkap dan dikirim
kembali ke Béjaïa di mana ia dieksekusi oleh utusan Ibn Abi Umara pada Juni
1283.[3]: 86
Ibrahim was the son of Abu Zakariya Yahya and a concubine named
Ruwaida, and younger half-brother of Muhammad I al-Mustansir. He was described
by the 14th century chronicler Ibn al-Khātib as being of average height but
overweight, with brown skin and pleasant features.[3]: 78
When Al-Mustansir came to power, Ibrahim was placed under
close surveillance but in 1253 he fled to the town of Zaraïa (near Sétif)
where he took refuge with nomadic Thawawida tribesmen.
Here he proclaimed himself ruler and began a rebellion and began preparing to
advance on Gabes,
but some of his allies abandoned him and he had to withdraw to Tlemcen,
from where he fled to Granada and was received by Muhammad I. After the death of Al-Mustansir, he
returned to Ifriqiya and overthrew Al-Wathiq in 1279.[3]: 41
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I (Arabic: أبو إسحاق إبراهيم) was the Hafsid emir of Ifriqiya (1279–1283).[1][2]
Ibrahim came to power during the struggles
that broke out under Yahya II al-Wathiq. In contrast to his two
predecessors, he only held the title of emir and did not claim the caliphate
for himself. He was overthrown by the rebellion of Ibn Abi Umara.
Having obtained power, Ibrahim freed his five sons, who
had been imprisoned by al-Mustansir. He then imprisoned his predecessor Yahya II al-Wathiq together with three of
his sons, whom he put to death soon after. Wishing to emphasise his role as
successor to his father rather than to his brother or nephew, he did not adopt
the title of Khalifa but revived his father’s simpler style of Emir.[3]: 78–9
During Ibrahim’s reign the Hafsid state maintained good
diplomatic and trading relations with the Italian states, paying tribute
to Charles I of Naples as well as to the
republics of Genoa and Venice. He also strengthened relations with his
western tributary, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan of Tlemcen,
marrying his daughter to Ibn Zyan’s son and heir.[3]: 83–4
In 1282 the governor of Constantine, Ibn al-Wazir declared rebellion,
having secured military support from Peter III of Aragon.[3]: 81 However by the time
Aragonese troops landed at Collo, Ibn al-Wazir had been defeated and killed by Ibrahim’s
son, Ibn Faris, governor of Bejaïa.[4]
Ibrahim was overthrown by a rebellion in the south of his
territories that may have had Aragonese support.[4] Ahmad
bin Marzūq bin Abi Umara (known as Ibn Abi Umara) was from Msila and
had previously tried to pass himself off as the Mahdi among the Maqil Arabs of
Morocco. In 1282 he was in the Tripoli region,
where a former retainer of Yahya II al-Wathiq claimed to recognise him as
Al-Fadl, son of the former Caliph who had in fact been executed along with his
father by Ibrahim. The local tribesmen rallied to his support, and though he
was not able to take Tripoli, Gabes opened its gates to him. He took Gafsa, then Kairouan and Sfax, and was proclaimed
Caliph. An army sent against him under Ibrahim’s son Abu Zakariya dispersed
without fighting. In January 1283, as panic seized Tunis, Ibrahim took flight.
Denied refuge in Constantine, he reached Bejaïa in
February, where his son Abu Faris obliged him to abdicate, declaring himself
Caliph with the name Al-Mu’tamid.[3]: 85
Abu Faris led an army against Ibn Abi Umara which met his
forces in June 1283 near Kalaat es Senam.
The result was the total defeat of Hafsid forces. Abu Faris was killed in
battle, while three of his brothers and his nephew were captured and executed.
The only family member who managed to escape was Ibrahim’s half-brother Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya. Ibrahim and his
remaining son Abu Zakariya fled Bejaïa. The son was able to reach safety in
Tlemcen but Ibrahim was injured by a fall from his horse, captured and sent
back to Béjaïa where he was executed by an emissary of Ibn Abi Umara in June
1283.[3]: 86
